Dry Eyes: Causes, Symptoms, and Simple Ways to Prevent Them

Dry eyes occur when your eyes don’t produce enough tears or when the tears evaporate too quickly, leading to a lack of moisture and lubrication. This makes the eyes feel dry, itchy, and irritated. The problem has become increasingly common today, especially among people who spend long hours on screens—whether it’s a mobile phone, laptop, or computer. Additionally, exposure to air conditioning, dust, sunlight, or pollution can worsen the condition. Individuals over 40, those who wear contact lenses, and women experiencing hormonal changes are also more likely to develop dry eyes.

One of the most common causes of dry eyes is prolonged screen time, as it reduces the frequency of blinking, which naturally helps keep the eyes moist. Other causes include dehydration, lack of sleep, vitamin A deficiency, smoking, and air pollution. Certain medications such as antihistamines, blood pressure drugs, and antidepressants can also decrease tear production. Moreover, as people age, the tear glands tend to produce fewer tears, increasing dryness. If the condition is left untreated, it can damage the cornea and impair vision over time.

Symptoms of dry eyes often develop gradually. According to Dr. A.K. Grover, former HOD of the Eye Department at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, the most common signs include burning, itching, and a stinging sensation. Some people feel as if something is stuck in their eyes. Dryness can also lead to redness, light sensitivity, blurred vision, or heaviness in the eyes. It can even make night driving difficult. Interestingly, while the condition causes dryness, the eyes may sometimes water excessively as a reflex reaction. If these symptoms continue for long, it’s important to visit an eye specialist.

To protect your eyes and prevent dryness, you can make a few simple changes in your daily routine. Follow the 20-20-20 rule — every 20 minutes, look away from your screen for 20 seconds. Blink frequently to help spread natural tears evenly across your eyes. Keep your surroundings comfortable by using a humidifier, and make sure you drink enough water throughout the day. When stepping outdoors, wear sunglasses to guard against dust and harsh sunlight. Avoid smoking and limit caffeine intake, both of which can worsen dryness. And if your doctor recommends, use lubricating eye drops to maintain moisture and comfort.